● A Bunch of Old Letters : Jawaharlal Nehru
● Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Arthur Conan Doyle
● Adhe Adhure : Mohan Rakesh
● A Week with Gandhi : Louis Fischer
● A China Passage : J.K. Galbraith
● Aesop’s Fables : Aesop
● A Farewell to Arms : Ernest Hemingway
● A Midsummer Night’s Dream : William Shakespeare
● A Million Mutinies, Now : V.S. Naipal
● An iron Will : Swett Marden
● A Pair of Blue Eyes : Thomas Hardy
● A Passage to India : E.M. Forster
● A Prisoner’s Scrapbook : L.K. Advani
● A Season of Ghosts : Ruskin Bond
● A Suitable Boy : Vikram Seth
● A Tale of Two Cities : Charles Dickens
● A Village by the Sea : Anita Desai
● A Voice for Freedom : Nayantara Sehgal
● Aenied : Virgil
● Against the Tide : Minoo Masani
● Age of Reason : Jean Paul Sartre
● A Dangerous Place : Daniel Patrik Moyihan
● A Haunted House : Virginia Woolf
● Agni Veena : Kazi Nazrul Islam
● Amar Kosha : Amar Singh
● Anand Math : Bankim Chandra Chatterje
● A Story of History : Arnold Toynbee
● Avanti Sundari : Dandi
● Autobiography : Jawaharlal Nehru
● As You Like It : W. Shakespeare
● Between the Lines : Kuldeep Nayyar
● Bhagwad Gita : Maharshi Ved Vyas
● Black Wednesday : Promila Kalhan
● Bubble : Mulk Raj Anand
● Buddha Charitam : Ashvaghosh
● Bal Gitayan : D.P. Maheshwari
● Bitter Sweet : Noel Coward
● Blind Beauty : Boris Pasternak● Broken Wings : Sarojini Naidu
● Canterbury Tales : Chaucer
● Chidambara : Sumitra Nandan Pant
● Chitralekha : Bhagwati Charan Verma
● City of Joy : Dominique Lapierre
● Confessions of a Lover : Mulk Raj Anand
● Comedy of Errors : Shakespeare
● Communist Manifesto : Karl Marx
● Comus : John Milton
● Confidential Clerk : T.S. Eliot
● Coolie : Mulk Raj Anand
● Count of Monte Cristo : Alexander Dumas
● Childe Harold : Lord Byron
● Chittirappavai : P.V. Akhilandam
● Degeneration of India : T.N. Seshan
● Devdas : Sharat Chandra
● Divine Comedy : Dante
● Discovery of India : Jawaharlal Nehru
● Don Ouixote : Cervantes
● Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde : R.L. Stevenson
● Dash Kumar Charitam : Dandi
● Dark Room, The : R.K. Narayan
● Debacle : Emile Zola
● Diana, The True Story : A. Morton
● Deserted Village : Goldsmith
● Distant Drums : Manohar Malgaonkar
● Emma : Jane Austen
● Ends and Means : Aldous Huxley
● Essays of Elia : Charles Lamb
● Emperor Jones, The : Eugene O’ Neill
● Essays on Gita : Sri Aurbindo Ghosh
● Every Man a King : Swett Marden
● Father and Sons : Ivan Turganev
● Faust : Goethe
● For Whom the Bell Tolls : Ernest Hemingway
● Flames from the Ashes : P.D. Tandon
● Friends, Not Masters : Ayub Khan
● Gathering Storm : Winston Churchill
● Geet Govind : Jaya Dev
● Ghasiram Kotwal : Vijay Tendulkar
● Gitanjali : R.N. Tagore
● Gita Rahasya : Bal Gangadhar Tilak
● Glimpses of World History : J.L. Nehru :
● Godan : Premchand
● God Father, The : Mario Puzo
● Grapes of Wrath : John Steinbeck
● Great Tragedy : Z.A. Bhutto
● Guide, The : R.K. Narayan
● Hamlet : William Shakespeare
● Harsha Charit : Bana Bhatt
● Heat and Dust : Ruth Prawar Jhabwala
● Himalayan Blunders : Brig. J.P. Dalvi
● House Divided : Pearl S. Buck
● Idle Hours : R.K. Laxman
● Idols : Sunil Gavaskar
● Idylls of the King : Lord, Alfred Tennyson
● If I am Assassinated : Z.A. Bhutto
● Isabela : Keats
● Illiad : Homer
● Inside the C.B.I. : Joginder Singh
● India Divided : Rajendra Prasad
● India Wins Freedom : Maulana Azad
● Indian War of Independence : V.D. Savarkar
● Jean Christopher : Romian Rolland
● Judgement, The : Kuldip Nayyar
● Julius Caesar : William Shakespeare
● Jurassic Park : Michael Chrichton
● Kadambari : Bana Bhatt
● Kagaz Te Kanwas : Amrita Pritam
● Kamayani : Jay Shankar Prasad
● Kamasutra : S.H. Vatsayayan
● Kaya Kulp : Premchand
● King Lear : W. Shakespeare
● Lajja : Tasleem Nasreen
● Lady Chhatterley’s Lover : D.H. Lawrence
● Leaves of Grass : Walt Whitman
● Life Divine : Sri Aurbindo
● Living History : Hillary Rodham Clinton
● Living with Honour : Shiv Khera
● Lolita : Vladimir Nobokov
● Long Walk to Freedom : Nelson Mandela
● Less Miserable : Victor Hugo
● Macbeth : Shakespeare
● Madhushala : Harivansh Rai ‘Bachchan’
● Mahabharata : Maharshi Ved Vyas
● Major Barbara : G.B. Shaw
● Malti Madhav : Bhavbhuti
● Malvikagnimitra : Kalidas
● Man and Superman : G.B. Shaw
● Meghdoot : Kalidas
● Men Who Killed Gandhi : Manohar Magaonkar
● Merchant of Venice : Shakespeare
● Middle March : George Eliot
● Midnight Children : Salman Rushdie
● Mother : Maxim Gorky
● Mudra Rakshasa : Vishakha Datt
● Murder in the Cathedral : T.S. Eliot
● My Experiments with Truth : Gandhi
● Nana : Emile Zola
● Natya Shastra : Bharat Muni
● Netaji Dead or Alive : Samar Guha
● Nine Days’ Wonder : John Mansfield
● Ninteen Eighty Four : George Orwell
● O’ Jeruselam : L. Collins & D. Lapierre
● Odyssey : Homer
● Old Man and the Sea : Ernest Hemingway
● Of Human Bondage : Somerset Maugham
● Our India : Minoo Masani
● Out of Dust : F.D. Karaka
● On Contradiction : Mao-Tse-Tung
● Pakistan, The Gathering Storm : Behazir Bhutto
● Panchatantra : Vishnu Sharma
● Pather Panchali : Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyaya
● Peace has no Alternative : Mikhail Gorbachev
● Pickwick Papers : Charles Dickens
● Pilgrim’s Progress : John Bunyan
● Prathma Pratishruti : Ashapoorna Devi
● Price and Prejudice : Jane Austin
● Prince : Machiaveli
● Peter Pan : J.M. Barrie
● Principia : Isaac Newton
● Raghuvansha : Kalidasa
● Rajtaringini : Kalhan
● Ram Charit Manas : Tulsidas
● Ramayana : Valmiki
● Rangbhoomi : Premchand
● Ratnavali : Harshavardhan
● Robaiyat : Omar Khayyam
● Robinson Crusoe : Daniel Defoe
● Rugby Chapel : Mathew Arnold
● Saket : Maithili Sharan Gupta
● Satanic Verses : Salman Rushdie
● Satyarth Prakash : Swami Dayanand
● Shakuntalam : Kalidas
● Shahnama : Firdausi
● Social Contract : Rousseau :
● Sursagar : Surdas
● Sakharam Binder : Vijay Tendulkar
● Testament of Beauty : Robert Bridges
● The Blind Assassin : Margaret Atwood
● The Emperor’s New Suit : Hans Chrishtian Anderson
● Three Musketeers : Alexander Dumas
● The Otherness of Self : Feroz Varun Gandhi
● The Elephant Paradigm : Gurcharan Das
● The Affluent Society : J.K. Galbraith
● The God of Small Things : Arundhati Roy :
● The Inheritance of Loss : Anita Desai
● The Legacy of Nehru : K. Natwar Singh
● Tom Jones : Henry Fielding
● Treasure Island : R.L. Stevenson
● Trail of Jesus : John Masefield
● Uncle Tom’s Cabin : Mrs. Haraiet Stowe
● Unhappy India : Lajpat Rai
● Utopia : Tomas Moor
● Unto The Last : John Ruskin
● Untold Story : B.M. Kaul
● Urvashi : Ram Dhari Singh Dinkar
● Uttara Ram Charita : Bhav Bhuti
● Universe Around Us : James Jeans
● Vanity Fair : Thackeray
● Victim, The : Saul Bellow
● Village, The : Mulk Raj Anand
● Vinay Patrika : Tulsidas
● Voskresenia : Leo Tolstoy
● War and Peace : Tolstoy
● Wealth of Nations : Adam Smith
● We Indians : Khushwant Singh
● Waiting for God : Thomas Becket
● Wings of Fire : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
● Yama : Mahadevi Verma
● Yashodhara : Maithili Sharan Gupta
● Zulfi, My Friend : Piloo Mody
● Zhivago, Dr. : Boris Pasternak
Courtesy : http://postmasterpunjab.blo
Saturday, September 03, 2011
Regarding payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity
“In all cases of payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity attributable to administrative delays action will be taken against officials responsible for such delays which may include recovery of the amount of Interest paid on account of delayed payment of gratuity from the salary of delinquent officers/officials”.
GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI
Finance (Accounts) Department
‘A’ Wing, 4th Level,Delhi Secretariat,
I.P.Estate,New Delhi
Finance (Accounts) Department
‘A’ Wing, 4th Level,
I.P.Estate,
No.F.12/9/2011-AC/DSIII/1163-1171
Dated: 29.08.2011
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
Subject: Regarding payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity.
A number of proposals are being received from various departments seeking approval for payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity in respect of retired government servants on account of administrative lapses.
The attention of all the Departments is invited to the provisions laid down in RuIe-68 of CCS (Pension) Rules, 1972 and Government of India’s decisions thereunder. It has been provided that, if the payment of gratuity has been authorized later than the date when its payment becomes due, and it is clearly established that the delay in payment was attributable to administrative lapses, interest shall be paid at such rate as may be prescribed, and in accordance with instructions issued from time to time. In all cases where the payment of interest has been sanctioned by the department with the approval of the competent authority, such department shall fix responsibility and take disciplinary action against the government servant or servants responsible for the delay.
All necessary steps should, therefore, be taken by the Head of Office for ensuring that payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity is avoided. Officials dealing with such files should be held accountable and responsibility be fixed for not taking timely action in this regard.
However, where disciplinary or judicial proceedings against a government servant are pending on the date of his retirement, no gratuity is to be paid until conclusion of the proceedings and issue of final orders thereon.
Henceforth, it has been decided that in all cases of payment of interest on delayed payment of gratuity attributable to administrative delays [barring cases where disciplinary or judicial proceedings against a government servant are pending on the date of his retirement] action will be taken against officials responsible for such delays which may include recovery of the amount of Interest paid on account of delayed payment of gratuity from the salary of delinquent officers/officials.
sd/-
(B.L. Sharma)
SpI. Secretary (Finance)
(B.L. Sharma)
SpI. Secretary (Finance)
Source: www.delhigovt.nic.in
Friday, September 02, 2011
General Knowledge - Objective Questions on Indian History
- The statue of Gomateshwara at Sravanabelagola was built by—
(A) Chandragupta Maurya
(B) Kharvela
(C) Amoghavarsha
(D) Chamundaraya
Ans : (D)
2. ‘Live well, as long as you live. Live well even by borrowings, for once cremated, there is no return’. The rejection of after life is an aphorism of the—
(A) Kapalika sect
(B) Sunyavada of Nagarjun
(C) Ajivikas
(D) Charvakas
Ans : (D)
3. Which one of the following usages was a post-Vedic development ?
(A) Dharma-Artha-Kama-Moksha
(B) Brahmana-Kshatriya-Vaishya-Shudra
(C) Brahmacharya-Grihasthashrama-Vanaprastha-Sanyasa
(D) Indra-Surya-Rudra-Marut
Ans : (C)
4. The capital of the kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was—
(A) Amritsar
(B) Patiala
(C) Lahore
(D) Kapurthala
Ans : (C)
5. In the Gandhara sculptures the preaching mudra associated with the Buddha's First Sermon at Sarnath is—
(A) Abhaya
(B) Dhyana
(C) Dharmachakra
(D) Bhumisparsa
Ans : (C)
6. The name of the poet Kalidas is mentioned in the—
(A) Allahabad pillar inscription
(B) Aihole inscription
(C) Alapadu grant
(D) Hanumakonda inscription
Ans : (B)
7. Zero was invented by—
(A) Aryabhatta
(B) Varahamihira
(C) Bhaskara I
(D) An unknown Indian
Ans : (D)
8. Which one of the following important trade centres of ancient India was on the trade route connecting Kalyana with Vengi ?
(A) Tagara
(B) Sripura
(C) Tripuri
(D) Tamralipti
Ans : (A)
9. The first Indian ruler who joined the subsidiary Alliance was—
(A) The Nawab of Oudh
(B) The Nizam of Hyderabad
(C) Peshwa Baji Rao II
(D) The king of Travancore
Ans : (B)
10. Vidhushaka, a common character in Sanskrit drama is invariably a—
(A) Brahmana
(B) Kshatriya
(C) Vaishya
(D) Shudra
Ans : (A)
11. Toramana belonged to the ethnic horde of the—
(A) Scythians
(B) Hunas
(C) Yue-chis
(D) Sakas
Ans : (B)
12. Who among the following is said to have witnessed the reigns of eight Delhi Sultans ?
(A) Ziauddin Barani
(B) Shams-i-siraj Afif
(C) Minhaj-us-siraj
(D) Amir Khusrau
Ans : (D)
13. The first Indian ruler to organize Haj pilgrimage at the expense of the state was—
(A) Alauddin Khilji
(B) Feroz Tughlaq
(C) Akbar
(D) Aurangzeb
Ans : (C)
14. Who among the following ladies wrote a historical account during the Mughal period ?
(A) Gulbadan Begum
(B) Noorjahan Begum
(C) Jahanara Begum
(D) Zebun-nissah Begum
Ans : (A)
15. The first to start a joint stock company to trade with India were the—
(A) Portuguese
(B) Dutch
(C) French
(D) Danish
Ans : (B)
16. The caves and rock-cut temples at Ellora are—
(A) Buddhist
(B) Buddhist and Jain
(C) Hindu and Jain
(D) Hindu, Buddhist and Jain
Ans : (D)
17. The significance of the Bengal Regulation of 1793 lies in the fact that—
(A) It provided for the establishment of the Supreme court
(B) It restricted the application of English law to Englishmen only
(C) It accommodated the personal laws of Hindus and Muslims
(D) It provided for the appointment of the Indian Law Commission
Ans : (C)
18. The Mansabdari system introduced by Akbar was borrowed from the system followed in—
(A) Afghanistan
(B) Turkey
(C) Mongolia
(D) Persia
Ans : (C)
19. Which one of the following monuments has a dome which is said to be one of the largest in the world ?
(A) Tomb of Sher Shah, Sasaram
(B) Jama Masjid, Delhi
(C) Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tuglaq, Delhi
(D) Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
Ans : (D)
20. Ashtapradhan was a Council of Ministers—
(A) In the Gupta administration
(B) In the Chola administration
(C) In the Vijaynagar administration
(D) In the Maratha administration
Ans : (D)
21. The concept of Anuvrata was advocated by—
(A) Mahayana Buddhism
(B) Hinayana Buddhism
(C) Jainism
(D) The Lokayata School
Ans : (C)
22. Which one of the following territories was not affected by the revolt of 1857 ?
(A) Jhansi
(B) Jagdishpur
(C) Lucknow
(D) Chittor
Ans : (D)
23. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(A) Battle of Buxar— Mir Jafar Vs Clive
(B) Battle of Wandiwash—French Vs East India Company
(C) Battle of Chelianwala—Dalhousie Vs Marathas
(D) Battle of Kharda—Nizam Vs East India Company
Ans : (B)
24. The word ‘Hindu’ as reference to the people of Hind (India) was first used by—
(A) The Greeks
(B) The Romans
(C) The Chinese
(D) The Arabs
Ans : (A)
25. Hughly was used as a base for piracy in the Bay of Bengal by—
(A) The Portuguese
(B) The French
(C) The Danish
(D) The British
Ans : (A)
Courtesy : http://postmasterpunjab.blogspot.com/
Advantages of using CFL lighting
Compact Fluorescent Light or CFL as they are commonly known as have increasing become the lighting of choice - be it in homes or offices. Let's look at the advantages of having CFL lighting over the normal bulbs.
First consider the various environmental impacts of using CFL. I guess around 4 years back an EuropeanUnion ruling compelled all businesses in EU to dispose of most lamps, including fluorescent types in an environmentally considerate manner. This obligation now extends to USA and a host of other countries as well.
Make sure you install 10% more light than you need as the light output falls off with age, also the light output will not reach maximum until they are at running temperature.
Flicker from CFL lamps should not be an issue when they are new as the frequency at which they operate is around 20,000 Hz, however, as they age the smoothing capacitor in the power supply of the lamp circuit looses its capacity and the 50Hz mains flicker may become apparent to some more sensitive people. The solution is to change the lamp OR run them off 240V DIRECT CURRENT from a battery supply charged by your UPS perhaps.
A regular bulb creates light by heating a tungsten wire to white hot. 90% of the energy consumed by the lamp is lost as heat into the surrounding environment. A typical incandescent (ordinary) bulb has an efficiency of 12 to 15 lumens per watt (12 Lm/w). In other words you only get 15 units of light for every unit of electricity you put in. Now compare this with a CFL. This lamp creates light by exciting atoms of mercury vapour, making them give off ultra violet light. This UV then hits the white coating on the inside of the lamp and is converted into the light we see. Very little heat is produced in this process, giving this type of lamp an efficiency of 60 Lm/w which is 4 or 5 times greater than the ordinary bulb. So a 20 watt CFL will give the same light as a 100 watt bulb at one fifth of the cost (or electricity used and lower carbon emissions etc). You can also use them as Shop Work Lights.
Also, CFLs last about 5 times longer than incandescent. In addition to cost savings you're also saving electricity which reduces the demand for new power plants.
There are those that still argue against them based on their mercury content, but it's just silly. The mercury level in bulbs today is so low as to run no risk to the user. Where it is a problem is when they're disposed of, so the best thing to do is recycle them properly.
So yes, they are worth it. LEDs will probably be the ideal light in the future but for now they have many hurdles to overcome (cost, lack of fill lighting). For at least the next 5 years, CFLs are the way to go.
How to easily stay secure online? Simple and easy tips!
Every single time you connect online did you know that you face dangerous Computer security hazards. Viruses, Trojans, Root-Kits, hackers, and junk e-mail await you at every turn. The truth is that these menaces are forever going to comprise a constituent of being connected and also doing business online.
There are a number of safeguards you will be able to take to make yourself and your computer systems safe.
I will now list out to you the best proven tactics to enhance your Internet security whenever you are online:
Virus Protection. Make certain you've the up-to-the-minute virus updates installed on your system and allow the software to exhaustively scan your entire computer every day to guarantee that no computer virus are successfully embedded themselves on your disk drive. Use a modern anti-virus like VIPRE Antivirus Software to scan both your computer and your email. AVG, McAfee and Norton likewise offer similar products.
VIPRE used to initially produce CounterSpy which was a leading spyware and malware protection software online from many years.
Spam Blocker. I've a junk e-mail blocking agent that I use with Microsoft Outlook called Cloudmark Desktop that fares a excellent task of assisting my Microsoft Outlook to distinguish junk e-mail.
Use a Alias E-mail address : For instance, whenever I'm signing up for a free technology mailing list / product news, I might use something like jasonblr+technology@gmail.com, which will then end up with a special label in my gmail Inbox. Therein, you do not have to divulge your "real" e-mail address, and you will be able to ascertain whenever the list holder trades or leases your e-mail address to another. Therefore, if you all of a sudden start to get emails to your jasonblr+technology@gmail.com e-mail address from a hard disk maker you have never heard of, you'll know that the technology mailing list folks traded or leased your e-mail address to others.
Firewalls: Always make certain that you are using a firewall protection. At a lower limit, to protect your computer from being hacked while you're online you can use Windows Firewall. Or, use a free firewall like COMODO. Whenever you use a wireless router, make sure to configure a password to secure it so that anyone going past your residence or office can't hijack your signal and possibly hack your computer network. I was readjusting the wireless connection on my laptop last night and came across several unsecured wireless connections in my vicinity. I reside in a residential area without any business organizations, thus I cognize that these represented insecure wireless routers in my neighbors' residences.
Be safe and enjoy the internet super highway.
A few FaceBook Login Tips
Here are a few tips forFacebookLoginproblems that have become very common nowadays. if you follow these tips, you can be sure to reduce the number of issues you face with your Facebook login.
- You should NEVER and EVER click on links from other webpages to visit the Facebook login page. Many a times clicking a Short Url may land you on the Facebook login page - simply close the page and open a new browser session and type the url manually yourself.
- You must always remember to enter the url directly into your web browser's navigation bar to goto the Facebook login page.
- Take a few second to reconfirm the url displayed on the navigation bar and also do a check on the website before you start entering your log in information.
- It is a good practice to use a password manager to enter the login details and process yourlogin. That way no key-press for key loggers to know.
- Always ensure that you have a very secure password with consists of atleast eight characters/digits. This should include atleast one number, atleast one CAPITAL letter andatleast one special character.
- Never give your username and password to anyone - let them be your best friend or family member. You'll never know how knowingly or unknowingly that information can land in the wrong hands.
- Always make it a habit to change your online password the very minute you suspect the account has been compromised - No second thoughts. Well, that's all the gyan I could think off - if you have any other tips, do post it in the comments below - deeply appreciated.
Also you can find more Facebook login information and some very good security tips at theFacebook Official Login Helper site.
Thursday, September 01, 2011
It's Official Chocolate Linked To Heart Disease
 |
| Madhubala was diagnosed with a heart disease. She kept it a secret for years. |
High levels of chocolate consumption might be associated with a one third reduction in the risk of developing heart disease, finds a study published on bmj as well as this site on Aug'29,2011 under the head "Take Chocolate to Reduce Heart Disease". The findings confirm results of existing studies that generally agree on a potential beneficial link between chocolate consumption and heart health. However, the authors stress that further studies are now needed to test whether chocolate actually causes this reduction or if it can be explained by some other unmeasured (confounding) factor.
The findings will be present
It's Official Chocolate Linked To Heart Disease
ed at the European Society of Cardiology Congress in Paris at 10:10 hrs (Paris time) / 09:10 hrs (UK time) Monday 29 August 2011.The World Health Organisation predicts that by 2030, nearly 23.6 million people will die from heart disease. However, lifestyle and diet are key factors in preventing heart disease, says the paper.
A number of recent studies have shown that eating chocolate has a positive influence on human health due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This includes reducing blood pressure and improving insulin sensitivity (a stage in the development of diabetes).
However, the evidence about how eating chocolate affects your heart still remains unclear. So, Dr Oscar Franco and colleagues from the University of Cambridge carried out a large scale review of the existing evidence to evaluate the effects of eating chocolate on cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke.
They analysed the results of seven studies, involving over 100,000 participants with and without existing heart disease. For each study, they compared the group with the highest chocolate consumption against the group with the lowest consumption. Differences in study design and quality were also taken into account to minimise bias.
Five studies reported a beneficial link between higher levels of chocolate consumption and the risk of cardiovascular events and they found that the "highest levels of chocolate consumption were associated with a 37% reduction in cardiovascular disease and a 29% reduction in stroke compared with lowest levels." No significant reduction was found in relation to heart failure.
The studies did not differentiate between dark or milk chocolate and included consumption of chocolate bars, drinks, biscuits and desserts.
The authors say the findings need to be interpreted with caution, in particular because commercially available chocolate is very calorific (around 500 calories for every 100 grams) and eating too much of it could in itself lead to weight gain, risk of diabetes and heart disease.
However, they conclude that, given the health benefits of eating chocolate, initiatives to reduce the current fat and sugar content in most chocolate products should be explored.
IPO Study Material on History. Useful for Paper IV
Important Battles of Indian History BC 327-26 Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle Jhelum ) 326 BC 305 Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus. 216 The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka. c. 155 Menander's invasion of India c. 90 The Saka invade India AD 454 The first Huna invasion 495 The second Huna invasion 711-712 The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim 1000-27 Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times 1175-1206 Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle
1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; SecondBattle
1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan;Battle
1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of Kanauj. 1294 Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadavakingdom of Devagiri Deccan . 1398 Timur invades India Ganges (1540) in which Sher Shah defeats Humayun. 1545 Battle Battle June 8, 1658 ). Dara Shikoh, elest son of Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb. 1665 Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar. 1739 Invasion of India Battle Battle Battle Mysore Punjab to British India . 1857 The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence
1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; Second
1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan;
1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of Kanauj. 1294 Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava
Courtesy : http://postmasterpunjab.blogspot.com
Plastic Currency Notes Coming soon in India!
There is a good news for all Indian as the Government of India is going to introduce the plastic currency note which will not only make sure that it is harder for forge notes to circulate in India but also make sure your husband is not angry on you because you missed checking his pocket for forgotten notes.
According to the Reserve Bank of India:
Though RBI did talk about it on Feb 24 2011,
“We are planning to try this out on a pilot basis starting with a plastic note in the 10 denomination, which we will distribute out of five of our regional offices in the country including our Bhubaneswar office. During the pilot phase, we need to study not only the relative costs but also the carbon footprint associated with the recycling and disposal of plastic notes vis-à-vis paper notes. If the pilot proves successful, we will mainstream the use of plastic currency. ”
Current plan is to Rupees 10 Plastic note and see how it goes. As of now, seven countries have converted fully to polymer banknote. They are Australia, Bermuda, Brunei, New Zealand, New Guinea, Romania and Vietnam. However there are many countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Nepal, Mexico, Brazil etc where the plastic currency introduced as a trial basis.
What is Plastic Currency:
These are the currency note made up of plastic instead of paper. This plastic is not regular plastic but is called as Polymer Bank Note, which is thin like Paper but very hard to either tear off and definetly does not get wet in water. It was first introduced by Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) in 1993.
How Plastic Currency are made ?
It is a four step process where First plastic is made opaque then made ready for printing. Once Printing is done, it is coated with varnish so it does not get wet.
Advantages of Plastic currency note:
- It will help the government to check out the fake currency problem as the technology used to create this one is very high and cannot be easily forged.
- The performance of the Plastic currency note will be better as the paper currency note but government needs to take care of recycling.
- Plastic currency note is durable and can be used 4-5 times more than Paper currency note.
- They are Eco-friendly, so it will be good for environment also.
- Now, you need not to count the note with the help of water or saliva.
- They can be washed if they become dirty, So no more holi colors.
Courtesy : http://www.technospot.in/
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