സ്ത്രീകള്‍ എങ്ങിനെ വസ്ത്രം ധരിക്കണം എന്ന് പുരുഷന്‍ നിഷ്ക്കര്‍ഷിക്കുന്നത് ശരിയോ? അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ തിരിച്ചും?

Showing posts with label Computer Guide lines. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Computer Guide lines. Show all posts

Sunday, August 17, 2014

How to Add Borders to Word 2010 Tables



microsoft-word-logo

Once you have created a table in your document, you may want to spiff it up a bit by changing the borders.
Luckily, it is not all that difficult to do in Word and there are several methods you can choose from to accomplish this, which are listed below:
  • When you select your table or place your cursor in your table, you will notice that the Conditional Table Tools menu becomes available, where you will see both the Design and Layout tabs. In the Design tab, look in the Table Styles group where you will find the Borders tool.
table tools
  • Under the Layout tab, in the Table group, click on the Properties command and Word will display the Table Properties dialog box, where you will find a Borders and Shading button.
table properties dialog
  • The Borders control on the Home tab of your ribbon, in the Paragraph group also works on tables.
home tab borders
  • There is a Borders and Shading option on the context menu when you right-click in your table.
  • The Draw table and Eraser controls found in the Tool’s Design tab, in the Draw Borders group will allow you to add and remove table lines one cell at a time.
If you click on the arrow of any of the various Borders tools, a drop-down list of ways to apply border lines to your whole table and individual cells will appear.
If borders have been applied to to the table cell where your cursor is, as in gridlines, the Borders control will be highlighted.
Interestingly enough, if your current cell does not have a border applied, but there are borders applied to any cell in your table then, at least one of the lines in the table in the borders control icon in your ribbon will be solid. It does not really stand out, so you will have to look closely to see it.
At the very bottom of the Borders drop-down list there are options to display the Borders and Shading dialog box and to toggle View Gridlines.
The Draw Table and Eraser tools are great for adding and removing one or two lines at specific locations in your table. The Draw Borders group can be found on the Design tab and it is the last one. It contains controls to set line thickness, color and style.
Clicking the Draw Table tool will convert your cursor to a pencil. Thereafter, clicking on any line in your table makes the line the color, style and thickness selected in the tool.
Clicking and dragging between any two lines in your table cell will split the cells along those line.
Clicking on the Eraser tool changes your cursor into an eraser that will delete any cell lines that it touches. The Esc key will cancel the eraser mode.
Regardless of which method you select to create your borders, there are myriad ways in which you can accomplish this task. Try them all and then make your decision on what best suits your particular needs.
Courtesy : http://bnjho.blogspot.in/

Friday, August 15, 2014

How to Add Borders to Word 2010 Tables




microsoft-word-logo

Once you have created a table in your document, you may want to spiff it up a bit by changing the borders.
Luckily, it is not all that difficult to do in Word and there are several methods you can choose from to accomplish this, which are listed below:
  • When you select your table or place your cursor in your table, you will notice that the Conditional Table Tools menu becomes available, where you will see both the Design and Layout tabs. In the Design tab, look in the Table Styles group where you will find the Borders tool.
table tools
  • Under the Layout tab, in the Table group, click on the Properties command and Word will display the Table Properties dialog box, where you will find a Borders and Shading button.
table properties dialog
  • The Borders control on the Home tab of your ribbon, in the Paragraph group also works on tables.
home tab borders
  • There is a Borders and Shading option on the context menu when you right-click in your table.
  • The Draw table and Eraser controls found in the Tool’s Design tab, in the Draw Borders group will allow you to add and remove table lines one cell at a time.
If you click on the arrow of any of the various Borders tools, a drop-down list of ways to apply border lines to your whole table and individual cells will appear.
If borders have been applied to to the table cell where your cursor is, as in gridlines, the Borders control will be highlighted.
Interestingly enough, if your current cell does not have a border applied, but there are borders applied to any cell in your table then, at least one of the lines in the table in the borders control icon in your ribbon will be solid. It does not really stand out, so you will have to look closely to see it.
At the very bottom of the Borders drop-down list there are options to display the Borders and Shading dialog box and to toggle View Gridlines.
The Draw Table and Eraser tools are great for adding and removing one or two lines at specific locations in your table. The Draw Borders group can be found on the Design tab and it is the last one. It contains controls to set line thickness, color and style.
Clicking the Draw Table tool will convert your cursor to a pencil. Thereafter, clicking on any line in your table makes the line the color, style and thickness selected in the tool.
Clicking and dragging between any two lines in your table cell will split the cells along those line.
Clicking on the Eraser tool changes your cursor into an eraser that will delete any cell lines that it touches. The Esc key will cancel the eraser mode.
Regardless of which method you select to create your borders, there are myriad ways in which you can accomplish this task. Try them all and then make your decision on what best suits your particular needs.
Courtesy : http://bnjho.blogspot.in/

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

What is the Difference Between Log Off, Restart, and Shut Down?




http://sapost.blogspot.in/
A concept users frequently have difficulty with is the difference between “logging off,” “restarting,” and “shutting down” a system. This article will clear that up.



Tech support staff will often instruct users to take a specific action, such as “log off your system” or “power down the system.” Confusion between these terms can cause problems and waste the time of the support staff and the end user, so these are good, simple terms to understand.

To shut down (or power down, or power off) a system means that, when the process of shutting down is complete, the machine is powered down, and it will not come back up again without a someone taking further action, e.g., powering it back on again. If you expect your system will be needed for maintenance or remote access by someone else, shutting it down effectively prevents this.
To restart (or reboot) a system means that the computer goes through a complete shutdown process, then starts back up again. This is frequently required after software installations or during troubleshooting.
To log off a system means that the user who is currently logged on has their session end, but leaves the computer running for someone else to use. This is faster than a full restart and, generally, a better choice during the course of the business day when a system is shared between multiple users.
To power on a system means that you simply press the power button and let the system come up to a login prompt.
If you enter your username and password, you have gone a step further and have logged on.
If support staff instructs you to take a specific action, it is in everyone’s best interest that you do exactly what was suggested, and not something else. For instance, if you are instructed to “power on” your system, just power it on, but do not enter your username and password. Similarly, if you are requested to log off, just log off, but do not shut it down.

Wednesday, May 28, 2014

7 Things to know while buying a Laptop



Laptop designs and technology have changed considerably over the years and picking up a laptop that suits your needs and budget can be a challenging task. Follow these tips while buying a laptop…

1. Touchscreen

If you love gadgets that you can operate via touch, then a touchscreen laptop is right for you. For instance, the tile- and gesture-based Windows 8 interface is far easier to use with a touchscreen.

Touchscreen laptops also have a number of benefits. It is easier to scroll through web pages, start apps, browse images and view lengthy documents. In touchscreen laptops, you can also revert to traditional keyboard mode.

As of now, touchscreens are available in Windows only. A touchscreen laptop with Windows 8 can be purchased for less than Rs 30,000.

2. Weight and design

If you travel a lot, opt for a lightweight 12- or 13-inch laptop that offers good battery life. If your usage is mainly at home/office, go for a laptop with a 14- or 15.6-inch display that can be carried around occasionally.

If you are a gamer or photo/video editor who prefers a powerful machine, then consider getting a powerful 15.6- or 17-inch machine.

If your laptop travels with you all the time, then go for a laptop which has a metallic body instead of a plastic one. If your kids also use the same laptop, then go for a corporate model laptop built from metal to make it more durable.

3. Storage capacity

Optical drives are bulky, so they were the first to go. These days, unless you get a 15.6-inch laptop, optical drives are rare. Another change is the shift to flash based storage (SSDs) from hard drives or HDDs.

Flash storage is more expensive but less prone to failure and can be much smaller and offers better speed.

4. Operating system

Many people, just to save a few bucks, do not go for a pre-loaded operating system, without realizing that installing an OS on your own along with other software is a tough and time-consuming task. Also go for an operating system which you are familiar with.

5. Size does matter

If you need a laptop for your home office, then go for a bigger screen laptop as it not only improves your productivity but is also good for your eyes.

However, if you need a laptop to give presentation, then a light notebook with a small screen would be ideal.

6. Features

A good laptop needs to have a higher multi-core CPU like Intel and AMD CPU, which have multi-core have good speed. Also ensure that it has 3-4 USB slots.

7. Watch out
Do not buy re-certified or refurbished laptops. Buy from a reputed dealer or e-commerce sites, as well-known brands offer after-sale services and their laptops last longer.

Tuesday, March 18, 2014

A USB drive for faster transfer of mobile files


People using Android devices know it's not easy to move files from their phone or tablet to a PC. Now, a special USB drive will make the task simpler. 


At present, you need an internet connection throughout to move files from Android to PC, a task that involves e-mailing the file or uploading it to a cloud storage site like Dropbox or Google Drive. 
Next you open the e-mail and download the attachment, or get the file from the cloud server. And finally you open the file on your computer. 
Now this task can be achieved even without a internet connection. Thanks to Leef's Bridge 3.0 flash drive, which provides a flexible, if not smooth, alternative. The drive comes with both full-sized and micro USB connectors. 
Housed in a black plastic slide-and-lock tray, each connector is exposed by pressing on a centre button and pushing forward or backward, reported Wired.com. 
Plug it in and you can stream or copy content to and from your Android phone, tablet, PC, or Mac. It's easy. 
The drive itself is designed for Android devices with Jelly Bean 4.1 or higher, Mac OS X or later, Windows XP (SP3) and later, as well as Linux Kernal 2.6 or later computers. 
But it does have its own set of problems. 
The Leef Bridge is supposedly compatible with some 40 Android phones and 16 tablets. Some of these devices can read and write data from Leef drives with their Android operating system, but most require the assistance of third-party file management apps available in the Google Play store. 

Since there is no intuitive design, it may take you some effort to figure out how to find the files you want to transfer, and once found, how to actually move them from one device to the other. 


So while the Leef Bridge 3.0 itself works well, users still need to overcome the clumsiness of the file manager apps the drive typically needs to operate.

Sunday, December 01, 2013

How To Disable the Automatic Restart on System Failure in Windows 7


Windows 7 is configured by default to restart immediately after a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) or other major system problem. This reboot usually happens too fast to see the error message on screen.
Follow these simple steps to disable the automatic restart feature for system failures in Windows 7.
Important: Unable to boot completely into Windows 7 due to the BSOD? See Tip #2 at the bottom of this page for help.
Difficulty: Easy
Time Required: Disabling the Automatic Restart option in Windows 7 usually takes less than 10 minutes
Here's How:
  1. Click on the Start button and then on Control Panel.
    Tip: In a hurry? Type system in the search box after clicking Start. ChooseSystem under the Control Panel heading in the list of results and then skip to Step 4.
  2. Click on the System and Security link.
    Note: If you're viewing the Small icons or Large icons view of Control Panel, you won't see this link. Simply double-click on the System icon and proceed to Step 4.
  3. Click on the System link.
  4. In the task pane on the left, click the Advanced system settings link.
  5. Locate the Startup and Recovery section near the bottom of the window and click on the Settings button.
  6. In the Startup and Recovery window, locate and uncheck the check box next toAutomatically restart.
  7. Click OK in the Startup and Recovery window.
  8. Click OK in the System Properties window.
  9. You can now close the System window.
  10. From now on, when a problem causes a BSOD or another major error that halts the system, Windows 7 will not force a reboot. You'll have to reboot manually when an error appears.

BSOD (Blue Screen of Death)
Definition: Abbreviated as BSOD or BSoD, the Blue Screen of Death is the popularized name for what is technically called a STOP message or STOP error. It's the blue, full screen error that often displays after a serious system crash. The text on the Blue Screen of Death may list any files involved in the crash including any drivers that may have been at fault and often a short, usually cryptic, description of what to do about the problem.


courtesy:http://pcsupport.about.com

Thursday, November 14, 2013

Full form of Computer Terms



Full form of Computer Terms

* HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* HTTPS - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
* IP - Internet Protocol.
* URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
* USB - Universal Serial Bus.
* VIRUS - Vital Information Resource Under Seized.
* 3G - 3rd Generation.


* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
* CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access.
* UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
* SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.
* AVI = Audio Video Interleave
* RTS = Real Time Streaming
* SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
* AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* JAR = Java Archive
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* 3GP = 3rd Generation Project
* MP3 = MPEG player lll
* MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
* AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
* GIF = Graphic Interchangeable Format
* JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
* BMP = Bitmap
* SWF = Shock Wave Flash
* WMV = Windows Media Video
* WMA = Windows Media Audio
* WAV = Waveform Audio
* PNG = Portable Network Graphics
* DOC = Document (Microsoft Corporation)
* PDF = Portable Document Format
* M3G = Mobile 3D Graphics
* M4A = MPEG-4 Audio File
* NTH = Nokia Theme (series 40)
* THM = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
* MMF = Synthetic Music Mobile Application File
* NRT = Nokia Ringtone
* XMF = Extensible Music File
* WBMP = Wireless Bitmap Image
* DVX = DivX Video
* HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
* WML = Wireless Markup Language
* CD - Compact Disk.
* DVD - Digital Versatile Disk.
* CRT - Cathode Ray Tube.
* DAT - Digital Audio Tape.
* DOS - Disk Operating System.
* GUI - Graphical User Interface.
* HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* IP - Internet Protocol.
* ISP - Internet Service Provider.
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
* UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply.
* HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
* EDGE - Enhanced Data Rate for GSM [Global System for Mobile
Communication] Evolution.
* VHF - Very High Frequency.
* UHF - Ultra High Frequency.
* GPRS - General Packet Radio Service.
* WAP - Wireless Application Protocol.
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol .
* ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
* IBM - International Business Machines.
* HP - Hewlett Packard.
* AM/FM - Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.
* WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network.

Tuesday, October 29, 2013

MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYS


MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYS 

1. F2 Edit the selected cell
2. F3 After a name has been created F3 will paste names
3. F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6
4. F7 Spell check selected text or document
5. F11 Create chart from selected data


6. Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time
7. Ctrl + ; Enter the current date
8. Alt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheet
9. Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window
10. Shift + F5 Bring up search box
11. Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet
12. Ctrl + B Bold highlighted section
13. Ctrl + I Italic highlighted section
14. Ctrl + K Insert link
15. Ctrl + U Underline highlighted section
16. Ctrl + 1 Change the format of selected cells
17. Ctrl + 5 Strike through highlighted section
18. Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialogue box to begin printing
19. Ctrl + Z Undo last action
20. Ctrl + F3 Open Excel Name Manager
21. Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window
22. Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window
23. Ctrl + F6 Switch between open work books or windows
24. Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document
25. Ctrl + page down Move between Excel worksheets in the same Excel document
26. Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel document
27. Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
28. Ctrl + ’ Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected
29. Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format
30. Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format
31. Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format
32. Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format
33. Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format
34. Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format
35. Ctrl + Arrow key Move to the next selection on text
36. Ctrl + Space Select entire column
37. Shift + Space Select entire row
38. Ctrl + - Delete the selected column or row
39. Ctrl + shift + = Insert a new column or row
40. Ctrl + Home Move to cell A1
41. Ctrl + ~ Switch between showing Excel formulas or their values in cells

Monday, October 21, 2013

10 Top Tips for Computer Beginners


Perseverance makes experts of us all
  1. Be patient with yourself – everyone finds it difficult and frustrating to learn how to use computers
  2. Ask for help at any time, but especially if you:
    - can’t see the screen clearly
    - can’t use the mouse
    - haven’t used a keyboard before. 
  3. Computers are there to enhance your life. Think: what would I like to do better, do easier or do more of in my life? Then ask someone for advice on how a computer can help you achieve that goal.
  4. Try to be selective about who you listen to. Those who are negative about computers may be scared themselves or maybe the digital world is just not for them. Don’t let your enthusiasm be dampened by them.
  5. Go at your own pace – don’t compare yourself with anyone else. Everyone comes to computers with a different background and experience, and everyone learns to use them at a different pace.
  6. Set yourself small, realistic goals. If you’re not sure what these should be, discuss them with a friend or with a computer mentor or tutor if you have access to one. Better to be able to find one useful website or send one short email than to end up with a head full of instructions and no results.
  7. Practice makes perfect: don’t shy from repeating the things you’re learning time and time again until you feel you’ve got it. And don’t be scared about making mistakes.
  8. If you start dreaming about mice, and email, and keyboards, you probably need to take a break!
  9. Computers are also for fun. Find out about playing games: crosswords, cards, chess, Suduko, solitaire … And look into using computers to listen to music and the radio and to watch TV and films.
  10. Don’t panic! It really will all make sense in the end. You’ll get there.

Saturday, September 28, 2013

How to protect your eyes when using a Computer


When using a computer for prolonged periods of time, whether for work or pleasure, it's important to protect your eyes from long-term damage. There are a number of things you can do to help protect your eyes. Some of those ways are:
  • Clean your computer screen periodically to remove any dust, dirt or fingerprints. This can make it easier on your eyes, so they are not having to focus harder to see what is on the screen, especially if there is text to read.
  • Keep the monitor about 20 to 30 inches away from your face. This range has been found to be the best distance for proper viewing and for reducing eye strain.
  • Use fonts and icon sizes that are easy for you to view and read. Avoid using small fonts and icon sizes as it can cause eye strain.
  • Adjust the height of the monitor so that the top of the monitor is just below your eye level so that you are looking down slightly when viewing the screen.
  • Make sure there is proper lighting in the room. Overly dim lighting or overly bright lighting can cause strain to your eyes.
  • Use an anti-glare filter on your monitor, to help prevent glare and reflection from lights in the room.
  • Use a document holder for placing documents that you look at regularly, and place it at the same distance as the monitor.
One of the most important things you can do to protect your eyes is to take regular breaks. Taking several minutes to get up and not look at the monitor can greatly help in protecting your eyes and reducing any strain.
Another recommendation is to use an LCD Monitor aka flat penal display. The older CRT monitors are harder on the eyes, due to the lower refresh rates and general design of the monitor. LCD monitors feature higher refresh rates, high enough that most people are unable to see the refreshing of the screen. LCD monitors in general are easier to view for longer periods of time and cause less strain on the eyes.

Friday, September 27, 2013

Full form of Computer terms:


Full form of Computer terms: 


HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
IP - Internet Protocol.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
USB - Universal Serial Bus.
VIRUS - Vital Information Resource Under Seized.
3G - 3rd Generation.
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access. 
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.

AVI = Audio Video Interleave
RTS = Real Time Streaming 
SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
JAD = Java Application Descriptor
JAR = Java Archive
JAD = Java Application Descriptor
3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GP = 3rd Generation Project
MP3 = MPEG player lll
MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
GIF = Graphic Interchangeable Format 
JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
BMP = Bitmap
SWF = Shock Wave Flash
WMV = Windows Media Video
WMA = Windows Media Audio
WAV = Waveform Audio 
PNG = Portable Network Graphics
DOC = Document (Microsoft Corporation)
PDF = Portable Document Format
M3G = Mobile 3D Graphics
M4A = MPEG-4 Audio File 
NTH = Nokia Theme (series 40)
THM = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
MMF = Synthetic Music Mobile


Application File

NRT = Nokia Ringtone
XMF = Extensible Music File 
WBMP = Wireless Bitmap Image
DVX = DivX Video
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
WML = Wireless Markup Language
CD - Compact Disk.
DVD - Digital Versatile Disk. 
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube.
DAT - Digital Audio Tape.
DOS - Disk Operating System.
GUI - Graphical User Interface.
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
IP - Internet Protocol. 
ISP - Internet Service Provider.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
UPS - UninterruptiblePower Supply.
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
EDGE - Enhanced Data Rate for GSM [Global System for Mobile Communication] Evolution.
VHF - Very High Frequency.
UHF - Ultra High Frequency.
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service.
WAP - Wireless Application Protocol. 
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol .
ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
IBM - International Business Machines.
HP - Hewlett Packard.
AM/FM - Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network. 

Wednesday, August 14, 2013

FULL FORMS OF COMPUTER RELATEDTERMS


* HTTP                  - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* HTTPS                - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
* IP                        - Internet Protocol.
* URL                    - Uniform Resource Locator.
* USB                    - Universal Serial Bus.
* VIRUS                - Vital Information Resource Under Seized.
* 3G                       - 3rd Generation.
* GSM                  - Global System for Mobile Communication.
* CDMA               - Code Divison Multiple Access.
* UMTS                - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

* SIM                    - Subscriber Identity Module.
* AVI                     = Audio Video Interleave
* RTS                     = Real Time Streaming
* SIS                      = Symbian OS Installer File
* AMR                  = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
* JAD                     = Java Application Descriptor
* JAR                     = Java Archive
* JAD                     = Java Application Descriptor
* 3GPP                 = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* 3GP                    = 3rd Generation Project
* MP3                   = MPEG player lll
* MP4                   = MPEG-4 video file
* AAC                    = Advanced Audio Coding
* GIF                     = Graphic InterchangeableFormat
* JPEG                  = Joint Photographic ExpertGroup
* BMP                   = Bitmap
* SWF                   = Shock Wave Flash
* WMV                 = Windows Media Video
* WMA                 = Windows Media Audio
* WAV                  = Waveform Audio
* PNG                   = Portable Network Graphics
* DOC                   = Document (Microsoft Corporation)
* PDF                    = Portable Document Format
* M3G                  = Mobile 3D Graphics
* M4A                   = MPEG-4 Audio File
* NTH                    = Nokia Theme (series 40)
* THM                   = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
* MMF                  = Synthetic Music Mobile Application File
* NRT                    = Nokia Ringtone
* XMF                   = Extensible Music File
* WBMP              = Wireless Bitmap Image
* DVX                    = DivX Video
* HTML                 = Hyper Text Markup Language
* WML                  = Wireless Markup Language
* CD                       - Compact Disk.
* DVD                   - Digital Versatile Disk.
* CRT                     - Cathode Ray Tube.
* DAT                    - Digital Audio Tape.
* DOS                    - Disk Operating System.
* GUI                    - Graphical User Interface.
* HTTP                  - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* IP                        - Internet Protocol.
* ISP                      - Internet Service Provider.
* TCP                     - Transmission Control Protocol.
* UPS                    - UninterruptiblePower Supply.
* HSDPA              - High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
* EDGE                 - Enhanced Data Rate for GSM[Global System for Mobile Communication] Evolution.
* VHF                      - Very High Frequency.
* UHF                     - Ultra High Frequency.
* GPRS                   - General Packet Radio Service.
* WAP                   - Wireless Application Protocol.
* TCP                     - Transmission Control Protocol .
* ARPANET         - Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
* IBM                    - International Business Machines.
* HP                       - Hewlett Packard.
* AM/FM              - Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.
* WLAN                - Wireless Local Area Network

*GSM                   -Global System for Mobile Communication

Tuesday, August 13, 2013

COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS


What is an Operating System?



The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.



For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.


List of Operating systems


2K
86-DOS
A/UX
Acados
ACP (Airline Control Program)
AdaOS
ADMIRAL
Adrenaline
aerolitheOS
Aimos
AIOS
AIX
AIX/370
AIX/ESA
Aleris Operating System
Allegro
AllianceOS
Alpha OS
Alto OS
Amiga OS
Amoeba
Amstrad
AMX RTOS
AngelOS
Antarctica
AOS/VS
Aperios
Apollo Domain/OS
ApolloOS
Apostle
Archimedes OS
AROS
ARTOS
Asbestos
Athena
AtheOS
AtomsNet
Atomthreads
AuroraOS
B-Free
Bada
BAL
Banyan VINES
Basic Executive System
BeIA
BeOS
Beowulf
BKY
BlueEyedOS
BOS
BOS1810
BoxOS
BPMK
bpmk
BRiX
BS600
BS2000
BSDi
BugOS
Calmira
CCP (Computer Control Program)
CDOS
Cefarix
C Executive
Chaos
Chimera
Chippewa OS
Choices
Chorus
Cinder OS
Cisco IOS
Clicker32
CMW+ (SCO)
COBRA 
Coherent
CONSENSYS
ConvexOS
Cos
Cosy
Counterpoise
CP/K
CP/M
CP/NET
CP/Z
CPF (Control Program Facility)
Cromix
Cronus
CSOC
CTOS
CTSS
CX/SX
Cyber (CDC)
Cygnus
DAC
Darwin
Data General
DC/OSx
DCP
Degenerate OS
Delitalk
DELL UNIX
Deming OS
DEMOS
DesktopBSD
DESKWORK
DG/UX
DIGITAL UNIX
dingOS
DK/DOS
DLD
DNIX
Domain OS
DOS
DOS2
DOS 50
Dosket
dr'ex
DR-DOS
Drops
Drywell OS
DS-OS
DTOS
DVIX
DYNIX Unix (Sequent)
ECL-3211
eComStation
eCos
EduOS
EGOS
ekkoBSD
Elate
ELKS
Elysium
EOS
EP/IX
EPOC
ERaMS
ERIKA
EROS
ESER
ESIX
ESKO
Eumel
EuNIX
Exopc
ExOS
Express
Famos
FDOS
Fiasco
Flamethrower
FlashOS
FlexOS
FLP-80 DOS
Flux
Flux-Fluke-Flask
FMS
Forth
FreeBSD
FreeDOS
FreeDOWS
FreeVMS
Frenzy
FullPliant
FunatixOS
FxOS
GazOS
GCOS
GECOS
GeekOS
Gemini Nucleus
Genera
GEORGE
GEOS
GM OS
GNU Hurd
GNUstep
Go
Goah
Gould OS
Grasshopper
GUIDE
HA-MSP
Hactar
Harmony
Haïku
Helios
HES
Hive
HOPE
HP-87 OS
HP-UX
HT-11
Hurd
Hurricane
HydrixOS
i5/OS
IBM PC-DOS
IBSYS
Icaros Desktop
ICL Unix
Immunix
Inferno
INMOS
INTEGRITY RTOS
Iridium OS
IRIX
iRMX
IRTS
ISC (Interactive)
ISIS
ISSL
ITRON
ITS
JAMB
JavaOS
Jbed
JeniOS
Jeo-OS
Jibbed
JOS
JTMOS
JUNOS
JxOS
KAOS
Katix
Kea
Kerberos
KeyKOS
KolibriOS
KOS
KRONOS
KROS
KRUD
Kylin
L4
L13Plus
LainOS
LAN Manager
LDOS
LegOS
leJOS
Linux
Lisa OS
LTSS
LynxOS
Mach
Mac OS 8
Mac OS 9
Mac OS X
MANOS
MaRTE OS
Maruti
Masix
Maverick OS
MBOS
MCP (Master Control Program)
MDOS
MenuetOS
Merlin
Micriµm
MICRODOS
MicroVMS
MikeOS
Minima
Minix
Minux
Miranda
Miray µnOS
MITE 80/IOS
MK++
ML
ModulOS
Monitor
MOPS
MorphOS
MOS
MOSIX
MPE/iX
MPE OS
MRT1700
MS-DOS
MSOS
MT809
Multics
Mungi
MUTOS
muVinix
MVS
Möbius
NachOS
NCR Unix
NEC DOS
NECUX
Nemesis
NeOS
NetBSD
Netware
NewDeal
NEWDOS
NewOS
NEWS-OS
Newton OS
NexentaOS
NeXTStep
NextworksOS
Nexus
Nimbus
Node OS
NOS
NOS/BE
NOS/VE
Nova
Novell DOS
NS/GDOS
NSK
NTDIOS
Nucleus
Oaesis
Oasis
Oberon
Objex
Odin
Omega 4
OnCore
On Time RTOS-32
Opal
OpenBeOS
OpenBSD
OpenDarwin
OpenRavenscar
OpenServer
OpenSolaris
OpenVision
OpenVMS
OppcOS
OS-2
OS-9
OS-C
OS/2
OS/2 Warp
OS/9
OS/360
OS/390
OS/400
OS/ES
OS/M
OS4
osCAN
OSE
OSF/1
Osx
OZONE
PAKOS
Palm OS
PAPL
Paramecium
ParixOS
Paros
PaulOS
P BASIC
PC-BSD
PC-DOS
PC-MOS/386
PC/M-System
PDOS
PEACE
Pebble
Pegasos
PETROS
Phantom OS
Phos
PIOS
PizziOS
Plan 9
Plex86
PM_SZ_OS
PocketPC 2003
PowerMAX
PowerOS
PowerSX
PowerUX
ProDOS
Prologue
Proolix
ProOSEK
PSOS
pSOSystem
PSU
PTS DOS
PublicOS
PURE
QDOS
QNX
Quadros
RadiOS
RBASIC
RCOSjava
RDOS
ReactOS
REAL-32
Realogy Real Time Architekt
REBOL-IOS
ReWin
REX-80/86
REXX/OS
RHODOS
RISC OS
RMOS
RMS 68k
Roadrunner
Rome
ROME
RSTS/E
RSX-11
RT-11
RTEL
RTEMS
RT Mach NTT
rtmk
RTMX
RTOS-32
RTOS-UH
RTS-80
RTX
RTXDOS
RxDOS
S.Ha.R.K
Sanos
SCO OpenServer
SCOPE
ScorchOS
ScottsNewOS
Scout
SCP
SCP (System Control Program)
SCP-IBE
Self-R
SeOS
Sequent
SEVMS VAX
Shark
SharpOS
ShawnOS
SIBO
Sinclair
Sinix
SINTRAN III
SkyOS
Slikware
sMultiTA
SOBS
Solaris
Solar_OS
Solbourne UNIX
SOS
SP6800
Spice
Spice/MT
SPIN
Spinix
SPOX
Spring
Squeak
SSP (System Support Program)
STAR-OS
STARCOS
Starplex II OS
Sting
StreamOS
Subsump
SUMO
SunMOS
SunOS
SunriseOS
SuperDOS
SVM
SVR
Syllable
Symbian OS
SymbOS
Symobi
Symphony OS
Synapse
System 6 (Mac OS)
System 7 (Mac OS)
System V Release
TABOS
Tabos
TalOS
TAOS
TENEX
THE
Thix
ThreadX
ThrillOS
TI-99 4A
TinyOS
TIS APL
TNIX
TOPS-10
TOPS-20
Topsy
Tornado
Torsion
TOS
TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)
TriangleOS
Tripos
TRON
TRS-DOS
Tru64 UNIX
TSX-32
TUD:OS
TUNES
TurboDOS
UberOS
UCSD-p
UDOS
Ultrix
UMDS
UMN
UNI/OS
Unicos
UNICOS/lc
Uni FLEX
Unisys U5000
Unix System
UnixWare
Unununium
USIX
UTS
UXP/V
V2 OS
Vapour
VERSAdos
VisiOn
Visopsys
Visual Network OS
VM/ESA
VM/VSE
VME
VMS
VRTX/8002
VRTX/OS
VSE
VSOS
VSTa
VTOS
VxWorks
WEGA
WildMagnolia
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 98 SE
Windows 2000
Windows Automotive
Windows CE
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Vista
Windows XP
WinMac
WIZRD
x-kernel
XAOS
XDOS
Xenix
Xinu
xMach
XOS
XTS
Yamit
Yaxic
Yoctix
z-VM
z/OS
Z9001-OS
ZealOS
Zeta
Zeus Zilog
zeVenOS
ZMOS
ZotOS
ZRTS 8000 

 Linux Operating Systems

3Anoppix
64 Studio
Absolute Linux
AbulÉdu
Adamantix
ADIOS
Adler Linux
Admelix
Admiral Linux
AGNULA
Alcolix
Alinex
aLinux
AliXe
ALT Linux
amaroK Live
Amber
andLinux
Android
Ankur
Annvix
AnNyung
Anonym.OS
ANTEMIUM
antiX
APODIO
aquamorph
Arabian
ArcheOS
Archie
Arch Linux
Ark Linux
Armed Linux
ArtistX
Arudius
AsianLinux
Asianux
ASork
ASP Linux
Astaro
AsteriskNOW
Athene
ATMission
Atomix
Augustux
Aurora
Aurox
AUSTRUMI
B2D
BabelDisc
BackTrack
Baltix
Bayanihan
BearOps Linux
BeatrIX Linux
Beehive Linux
BeleniX
Bent Linux
Berry
Berry Linux
BestLinux
BIG LINUX
BinToo
BioBrew
Bioknoppix
Black Cat Linux
blackPanther
BLAG
Blin
Blin Linux
Bloody Stupid
Blue Cat Linux
BlueLinux
Bluewall
Bonzai Linux
Bootable Cluster CD
Buffalo
BugnuX
BU Linux
Burapha
ByzantineOS
Caixa Mágica
Caldera Linux
cAos
Carl.OS
Catix
CCux
CDlinux
cdlinux.pl
Censornet
CentOS
Chakra
Chrome OS
cl33n
ClarkConnect
ClearOS
cLIeNUX
Clonezilla Live
Clusterix
clusterKNOPPIX
Co-Create
CobaltOS
College
Commodore OS Vision
Condorux
Conectiva Linux
Cool Linux CD
CoreBiz
Coreboot
Corel Linux
Coyote
Craftworks Linux
CrunchBang
CrunchEee
CRUX
Càtix
Damn Small Linux
Damn Vulnerable Linux
Danix
DARKSTAR
Debian GNU/Linux
Debris Linux
Deep-Water
Deft Linux
DeLi
Delix Linux
Denix
Devil
Dizinha
DLD
DNALinux
Draco Linux
Dragon Linux
Dragora
DRBL live
Dreamlinux
Dualix
Dynabolic
dyne:bolic
Dzongkha
E/OS LX Desktop
Eadem
Eagle
eAR OS
easyLinux
Easy Peasy
easys
Edubuntu
eduKnoppix
EduLinux
Ehad
Eisfair
Elbuntu
ELE
eLearnix
ELF
Elfstone Linux
Elive
ELP
ELX
Embedix
Endian
EnGarde
ERPOSS
ESware
Euronode
EvilEntity Linux
Evinux
EzPlanet One
FAMELIX
FaunOS
Feather
Featherweight
Fedora
Fermi
ffsearch-LiveCD
Finnix
Fiubbix
Flash
FlightLinux
Flonix
Fluxbuntu
FluxFlux-Eee
Foresight
FoRK
Formilux
FoX Desktop
Freduc
free-EOS
Freedows
Freeduc
FreeNAS
Freepia
FreeSBIE
Freespire
FreevoLive
Freezy
Frugalware
FTOSX
GeeXboX
Gelecek
GenieOS
Gentoo
Gentoox
GEOLivre
Gibraltar
Ging
Giotto
Glendix
gNewSense
GNIX
Gnoppix
GNUbie Linux
gnuLinEx
GNUstep
GoblinX
GoboLinux
GoodGoat Linux
Google Chrome OS
gOS (Google OS)
GParted
Grafpup
Granular Linux
grml
Guadalinex
GuLIC-BSD
H3Knix
Haansoft
Hakin9
Halloween Linux
Hancom
Hedinux
Helix
Heretix
Hikarunix
Hiweed
Holon
HOLON Linux
Honeywall
How-Tux
Hubworx
iBox
ICE Linux
Icepack Linux
IDMS
Igelle
Ignalum
Impi
Independence
IndLinux
IPCop
JBLinux
Jolicloud
JoLinux
Joli OS
Julex
Jurix Linux
Juxlala
K-DEMar
K12LTSP
Kaboot
Kaella
Kaladix Linux
Kalango
KANOTIX
Karamad
KateOS
Kinneret
Kiwi Linux
Klax
Klikit-Linux
K Linux
kmLinux
knopILS
Knoppel
Knopperdisk
Knoppix
Knoppix 64
KnoppiXMAME
KnoppMyth
KnoSciences
Komodo
Kongoni
Kororaa
KRUD
Kubuntu
Kuki Linux
Kurumin
Kwort
L.A.S.
Leetnux
Lerntux
LFS
LG3D
LibraNet Linux
LIIS
Lin-X
Linare
LindowsOS
Lineox
LinEspa
LinnexOS
Linpus
Linspire
Linux+ Live
Linux-EduCD
Linux4One
Linux Antarctica
Linux by LibraNet
LinuxConsole
Linux DA OS
LinuxMCE
Linux Mint
LINUXO
LinuxOne
LinuxPPC
LinuxTLE
Linux XP
Litrix
LiveCD Router
LiveKiosk
LiVux
LLGP
LliureX
LNX-BBC
Loco
Lormalinux
l OS
LST Linux
LTSP
LUC3M
Luit
Lunar
LuteLinux
LXDEbian
Lycoris Desktop/LX
m0n0wall
Magic
Mandrake
Mandriva
Mangaka
MAX
MaxOS
Mayix
MCNLive
Mediainlinux
Media Lab
MeeGo
MEPIS
MiniKazit
Minislack
Miracle
MirOS
MkLinux
Moblin
Mockup
MoLinux
Momonga
Monoppix
Monte Vista Linux
MoonOS
Morphix
MostlyLinux
MoviX
MSC
Mulimidix
muLinux
Multi Distro
Muriqui
MURIX
Musix
Mutagenix
Myah OS
myLinux
Nasgaïa
Nature's
Navyn OS
NepaLinux
NetMAX DeskTOP
NetSecL
Netstation Linux
Netwosix
Nexenta
Niigata
NimbleX
Nitix
NoMad Linux
Nonux
Nova
NST
nUbuntu
Nuclinux
NuxOne
O-Net
Ocularis
Ola Dom
Omega
Omoikane
Onebase Linux
OpenArtist
OpenLab
OpenLinux
OpenLX
OpenMamba
OpenNA
Open ProgeX
Openwall
Operator
Oralux
Overclockix

P!tux
PAIPIX
paldo
ParallelKnoppix
Pardus
Parsix
Parsix GNU/Linux
PC/OS
PCLinuxOS
Peanut Linux
PelicanHPC
Penguin Sleuth
Pentoo
Pequelin
pfSense
Phaeronix
Phantomix
Phat Linux
PHLAK
Pie Box
Pilot
Pingo
Pingwinek
Pioneer Linux
Plamo
PLD
PLoP Linux
Pocket Linux
Poseidon
POSTed
Power Desktop
Pozix Linux
pQui
Privatix
Progeny
ProTech
PUD
Puppy
Puredyne
QiLinux
Qimo
Qplus
Quantian


Raidiator
Red Flag
Red Hat
RedHawk Linux
Redmond Linux
redWall Firewall
Repairlix
RIP
ROCK
Rock Linux
Rocks Cluster
ROOT
ROSLIMS
rPath
RR4 Linux
RTLinux
Rubix

 Sabayon
Sabily
Salgix
Salvare
SAM
Samhain Linux
Santa Fe
Sauver
SaxenOS
SCI.Linux
Scientific
SCO Linux
ScrudgeWare
Securepoint
Sentry Firewall
Shift Linux
Shinux
SimplyMEPIS
Skolelinux
Slack/390
Slackintosh
Slackware
Slamd64
SLAMPP
slax
SliTaz GNU/Linux
SLS
SLYNUX
SME Server
SmoothWall
SnapGear Embedded Linux
SNAPPIX
Snøfrix
SoL (Server optimized Linux)
Sorcerer
SOT Linux
Source Mage
Spectra Linux
SphinxOS
Splack
Splashtop
SprezzOS
Stampede
StartCom
STD
Stormix
StreamBOX
StressLinux
STUX
STX
Sugar On A Stick
SuliX
Sun Linux
Sun Wah
SuperGamer
SuSE
Symphony OS
SystemRescue

T2
TA-Linux
Tablix
Tao Live
Taprobane
TechLinux
Thinstation
Tilix
Tinfoil Hat Linux
Titan LEV
Tizen
tomsrtbt
Tomukas
Toophpix
Topologilinux
Toutou
Trinity
Trisquel GNU/Linux
Trixbox
Troppix
Trustix
Trustverse
Truva
TumiX
TupiServer
Tuquito
Turbolinux
Turkix

 Ubuntu
UbuntuME
Ubuntu Netbook Remix
Ubuntu Privacy Remix
uClinux
Ufficio Zero
UHU-Linux
uL
Ulteo
Ultima
Underground
Unifix Linux
uOS
Urli OS
UserLinux
UTILEX
Ututo

  T2
TA-Linux
Tablix
Tao Live
Taprobane
TechLinux
Thinstation
Tilix
Tinfoil Hat Linux
Titan LEV
Tizen
tomsrtbt
Tomukas
Toophpix
Topologilinux
Toutou
Trinity
Trisquel GNU/Linux
Trixbox
Troppix
Trustix
Trustverse
Truva
TumiX
TupiServer
Tuquito
Turbolinux
Turkix

 Ubuntu
UbuntuME
Ubuntu Netbook Remix
Ubuntu Privacy Remix
uClinux
Ufficio Zero
UHU-Linux
uL
Ulteo
Ultima
Underground
Unifix Linux
uOS
Urli OS
UserLinux
UTILEX
Ututo

Vector
Vidalinux
VideoLinux
Vine
VLOS
VNLinux
Voltalinux
WarLinux
Wazobia
Webfish Linux
WHAX
White Box
Whitix
WIENUX
WinLinux 2001
WinSlack
Wolvix
WOMP!
X-evian
X/OS
Xandros
Xarnoppix
Xenoppix
Xfld
Ximian Desktop
xPud
Xteam
XtreemOS
Xubuntu
Yellow Dog
YES
Yggdrasil Linux
Ylmf OS
Yoper
Zebuntu
Zenwalk
Zeroshell
ZoneCD